Introduction to C
History & features of C
Structure of a C program
Compilation & execution process
Fundamentals
Data types, Variables, Constants
Operators & Expressions
Input/Output functions (printf, scanf)
Control Structures
If, else-if, switch-case
Loops: for, while, do-while
Functions
User-defined & built-in functions
Call by value & call by reference
Recursion
Arrays & Strings
1D & 2D arrays
String handling functions
Pointers
Pointer basics, pointer arithmetic
Pointers & arrays
Pointers & functions
Structures & Unions
Defining structures
Nested structures
Union basics
File Handling
File operations: read, write, append
Working with binary files
Basics of C++
Difference between C & C++
Structure of a C++ program
Input/Output (cin, cout)
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
Classes & Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend functions
Inheritance
Types: single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical, hybrid
Virtual base classes
Polymorphism
Function overloading
Operator overloading
Virtual functions
Templates & Exception Handling
Function templates & class templates
Try, catch, throw
File Handling in C++
Streams (ifstream, ofstream, fstream)
Reading/writing objects to files
Standard Template Library (STL)
Vectors, Lists, Queues, Stacks, Maps
Introduction to Python
Features & advantages of Python
Installation & setup (IDLE, PyCharm, Jupyter)
Python syntax & indentation
Python Basics
Variables, Data types
Operators & Expressions
Input/Output functions
Control Structures
If-else statements
Loops (for, while, nested loops)
Comprehensions (list, set, dict)
Functions & Modules
Built-in functions
User-defined functions
Lambda functions
Modules & Packages
Data Structures
Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, Sets
String operations
Object-Oriented Programming
Classes & Objects
Inheritance & Polymorphism
Encapsulation & Abstraction
File Handling & Exception Handling
Read/write text & binary files
Exception handling (try, except, finally)
Advanced Python (Optional)
Python with MySQL / SQLite
Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib
Introduction to Django/Flask (web dev)